Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Ethylen glycol tetra acetic acid (EGTA) and EDTA for their smear Layer removal capability using scanning electron microscopy technique.Material and Methods: A group of 28 single rooted teeth were instrumented to size 60 master file. Four teeth were also kept as control while the remaining teeth were divided into two groups. Group A: in which 12teeth were irrigated with 10 ml of 17% EGTA for 2 minutes? Group B: consisted of 12teeth irrigated with 10 ml of 17% EDTA for 2 minutes. Both groups were then irrigated with 10 ml of 5% Naocl. the control group were just irrigated with 10 ml of 5 % Naocl. All teeth in then the control group were only irrigated with 10 ml of 5% Nacl. Specimeus were then sectioned longitudinally. A scanning electrone microscope was wsed to in vetig ate the intenal surfaces of the canal.Results: EGTA chelated dentin surface more conservatively than EDTA without causing erosion.Conclusion: It seems that EGTA can be used safely to remove smear Layer from the canal surfaces.

Environment and its conservation is one of the present issues in risky modern life. Although, the present world has been improving during last years, it hasn’t been able to solve environmental problems and it has caused its deterioration. Littering in jungle, seashore, public places and passages is one of the significant environmental issues in society of Iran. The Purpose of the present study is investigation of the reasons of littering formation by the approach of Causal Layered Analyses (CLA) and planning scenario. The present study analyzed the Layers forming the present social issue and searched the origin of it. In order to accomplish this study, 15 experts in environment and society were interviewed by Qualitative and exploring method and applying deep interview technique. Then, after exploiting the contents and content analysis of interviews, their opinions presented in 4 forms as litany, systematic, discourse analysis and metaphor. By applying the present discourses, the gap between state-people and people-people were recognized as important variables and were applied in presenting scenario. Finally 4 scenarios presented in a diagram which can help strategists and officials of the society.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin Layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

In this paper, a bidirectional pre-training method for initializing weights of hetero-associative deep neural network was presented. Training of deep neural networks, because of confrontation with a large number of local minima, is not often converged. This is while through proper initializing weights instead of random values at the beginning of the training; it is possible to avoid many local minima. The bidirectional Layer-by-Layer pre-training method pre-train weights in forward and backward manners in parallel. Afterwards, the weight values resulted from their training are applied in the deep neural network. The bidirectional Layer-by-Layer pre-training was applied for pre-training of the classifier deep neural network weights, and revealed that both the training speed and the recognition rate were improved in Bosphorus and CK+ databases.

Tantalum nitride (TaN) is widely used in mechanical and microelectronic industries due to its unique properties such as high hardness and high we are resistance as well as stable electrical resistance. Considering the its importance in this paper, taking into account the reliable references, a comprehensive review of research developments in the field of Layer identification methods, characterization methods, properties and applications of TaN thin films has been carried out. For this purpose, firstly, the production and deposition of these thin Layers have been studied by methods such as physical deposition (PVD), DC and RF magnetron sputtering. In addition, the structural, microscopic, electrical, optical, mechanical and tribological properties of thin Layers of tantalum nitride have been comprehensively discussed. For this purpose, by analyzing X-ray diffraction patterns, atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, calculating the we arrate of the Layers, the effect of changing the nitrogen content of the substrate bias voltage on the residual stress of the Layers, changing the hardness and elastic modulus of the tantalum nitride Layers with the current ratio Nitrogen, refractive index and extinction coefficient of Layers, optical transmission spectrum of Layers, electric resistance of Layer in different nitrogen flow, surface resistance normalized according to temperature and changes of surface resistance of Layers kept at different temperatures have been investigated in detail. The reviewed results show that the produced thin Layers have a high potential for application in various fields, especially in harsh environments with high temperature and pressure. This review Article can be a suitable and comprehensive reference for the research that will be done in the field of TaN thin films and related technologies.

Mercaptoacetic acid-stabilized CdTe quantum dots (QDs) are prepared directly in aqueous solution. The multi-Layer films of acrylate copolymer and CdTe nanoparticles were obtained by the Layer-by-Layer electrostatic self-assembly. It is shown that positively charged acrylate copolymer can be directly assembled outside the anionic CdTe QDs through an electrostatic force. The optical properties of the CdTe nanoparticles and the film build-up are monitored by employing the absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The deposition process is linearly related to the number of bi-Layers as monitored by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The fluorescence intensity of ultrathin film rises with the DM content (9.69%, 16.29%, and 36.55%) in the acrylate copolymer and the photoluminescence spectra of multi-Layers exhibit a red shift, indicating the enhancement of electrostatic forces between the carboxyl groups of thioglycolic acid capped on CdTe quantum dots and quaternization acrylate in cationic copolymer. The electrostatic interaction on the surface of the CdTe was enhanced with the DM content in the copolymer. Characterization of the multi-Layer structures has been carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At the same time, the membrane morphology is investigated by atomic force microscopy. Electrostatic forces between anions in CdTe nanocrystals and cations in the copolymer strengthen the stability of the inorganic/organic compound because it played the role of surface passivation in CdTe QDs.

The congestion economic concept has recently discussed in DEA (data envelopment analysis) studied and congestion has obtained with different approaches. Also determining of wide congestion and to measure degree of wide congestion is introduced [12]. We know that inefficiency of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) is necessary condition in order to congestion present, also for determining congestion of DMU, first we obtain its projection on frontier efficiency and then we evaluate its projection congestion. Now, it arise a logical question: whether we able project an inefficient DMU on frontier efficient, in practically? Therefore, for answer this question we suggested Layer-congestion idea. In other words, Layer-congestion is worthwhile when a DMU cannot remove its inefficiency. This paper introduced Layer congestion in order to remove congestion of evaluated unit, and it measure degree of wide congestion in different Layers.